When Kanye West and Vincent Desiderio Meet: Some Thoughts on the Recycling and Repurposing of Images
KANYE WEST AND VINCENT DESIDERIO AT THE FORUM: PHOTO BY ARCMANORO S. NILES
I think of painter Vincent Desiderio as a living master and one hell of a hard worker. His epic 24 foot wide canvas, Sleep, which depicts a dozen fitfully sleeping nudes in rumpled sheets, is a haunting, hard-won painting that reflects the many insomniac months that Desiderio spent laying in bed while being treated for cancer. It’s a ambitious, monumental image that you wouldn’t normally expect to see cropping up in altered form in a popular context.
But it just did.
Last Saturday I looked at my Facebook and the news was everywhere: Hip-hop artist Kanye West had just premiered his new video Famous at the Forum, and it had been directly inspired by Desiderio’s Sleep. With some changes of course: the original figures in the painting had been replaced by Kanye, his wife Kim Kardashian, Ray J, Chris Brown, Rihanna, Amber Rose, Taylor Swift, Donald Trump, Anna Wintour, George Bush, Bill Cosby, and Caitlyn Jenner. In other words, Desiderio’s image and it’s very personal meanings had been recycled, re-peopled and projected on a 100 foot screen.
Among other things, a setting and scenario that Desiderio painted with personal and metaphorical intentions, has been magnetized with celebrity images and erotic connotations. And yes, Kim Kardashian’s naked ass is there: “product placement,” as one of my friends commented...
As the story and the imagery spread out on social media, West’s re-do of Desiderio was called many things: “genius click-bait,” and “disgusting” were just two of the wildly divergent points of view that I came across on Twitter. Of course, what I really wanted to hear was what Vincent Desiderio thought, and a reply he made on my personal Facebook status made his feelings more than clear:
“Artists quote other artists. That is what keeps the ball in constant motion. Kanye deserves his due for producing a beautiful and compelling video. You all might be surprised, but Kanye West is a consummate artist.”- Vincent Desiderio
It’s a very generous statement on Desiderio’s part and it also reflects what more and more—but certainly not all—visual artists are doing these days: quoting, borrowing from and/or repurposing images. Of course, this has been going on a long time, and many Modernists made their careers doing it. One notable was Pablo Picasso who once said: “Good artists copy, great artists steal.”
One of Picasso’s great “thefts,” his set of some 15 variations on the Women of Algiers by Delacroix, has paid a huge rate of interest over time. The Picasso painting on the right—Picasso’s Femmes D’Algiers, Variation O—was sold in May of 2015 for $179 million, becoming the most expensive work of art ever sold. So much for the current art market having any reservations about the recycling and revising of images, right?
And to be fair, when Picasso stole, he subjected what he borrowed to his brilliant powers of transformation and revision, making it in many senses, completely new. There was real effort involved and skill with paint and brushes was required. In recent times, the quoting and re-configuring of visual images has become easier and more prevalent, to say the least. Many of these images live outside the museum, easily shared and easily reproduced.
A photo recently shared by Madonna on Instagram to support Gay Pride celebrations in New York is based on an historic and instantly recognizable image: Joe Rosenthal’s photo of the flag being raised after the battle of Iwo Jima. In a media society where famous images are themselves “celebrities” their drawing power makes shifts in imagery especially noticeable. Any image that becomes famous is going to appear in all kinds of contexts and mediums, endlessly cloned and re-purposed.
Sometimes the reconfiguring/re-purposing will be done with skill and taste—even brilliance—and sometimes not. It might be used for personal or political agendas that the individual who created the image had no interest in. The painter Mark Rothko once said that sending his paintings out into the world was “risky” and that was long before the internet put any image posted on at artist’s site “at risk.”
Are you wondering, why isn’t copyright more of an issue when recent works of art or other images are re-purposed? The answer is that fair use copyright law, which governs the use of recent, copyrighted materials, is helpfully broad:
In its most general sense, a fair use is any copying of copyrighted material done for a limited and “transformative” purpose, such as to comment upon, criticize, or parody a copyrighted work. Such uses can be done without permission from the copyright owner. In other words, fair use is a defense against a claim of copyright infringement. If your use qualifies as a fair use, then it would not be considered an illegal infringement.
Practically speaking, if you get rich using and transforming the images of others, you might be sued, but there is a fair amount of latitude. In the case of Kanye West’s Famous video, it remains to be seen where he will face lawsuits for violating what is called the “Right of Privacy or Publicity” that protects public figures from the use of their recognizable likenesses in works of art. Clearly, Vincent Desiderio is supportive of the fact that Sleep was an inspiration for the video, but Taylor Swift may not be quite so happy to see herself—or at least a 3-D image of herself—in the rumpled sheets of the imagery.
When thinking about just how complicated situations involving art and copyrighted art can be, consider the painting by Suzy Smith seen above. It is an original painting of a nude model which uses another painting as its background. The “painting” is of course a photo-based silkscreen image made by the late Andy Warhol, which includes an altered image of Mickey Mouse, who is technically still under copyright. Anyone want to take that one to court? I hope not...
I have been making digital mashups myself this past year, posting them on Instagram and even on t-shirts. The image above combines an 1863 photo of Lincoln taken by Alexander Gardner with a recent news photo of Barack Obama. The internet is a tsunami of photoshopped images: mashups, appropriations, plagiarized images, morphs, homages and memes and my images have joined the flood. It takes the power of a celebrity like Kanye West to “boost” an image or set of images into the public discourse where it will compete for attention with everything else including the news.
The English writer and cleric Charles Caleb Colton once famously said that “Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery.” In the field of visual art, where all kinds of imitation, copying and cloning is happening in every medium, the imitations aren’t always sincere, but I think Vincent Desiderio has the right attitude: be flattered, participate and be open. There are certainly powerful arguments to be made that the purposes of “art” are being diluted by the prevalence of altered digital imagery being widely shared, but I’ll save those for another discussion.
If Kanye West or Madonna or any other celebrity “shares” what you do in the form of an Instagram post or any other type of image, whether its a hard-won painting that took years to create or a quick “mashup” that took 20 minutes to make in Photoshop, you are going to find yourself and what you do “liked.”
If you are a visual artist today, that is part of your reality, for better and for worse.